- Surrealism
is a movement for the liberation of the mind that emphasizes
the critical and imaginative powers of the unconscious.
Often misinterpreted as an artistic movement, it has
transformed visual art, writing, film, music, and political
thought, not to mention everyday life. Surrealism was
initially started by André Breton and gained
further momentum with the inclusion of Salvador Dalí.
Surrealism remains an active movement today.
The term surrealism was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire
to describe the Jean Cocteau/Erik Satie/Pablo Picasso/Léonide
Massine collaboration Parade (1917) in the program notes:
"From this new alliance, for until now stage sets
and costumes on one side and choreography on the other
had only a sham bond between them, there has come about,
in Parade, a kind of super-realism (sur-réalisme),
in which I see the starting point of a series of manifestations
of this new spirit (esprit nouveau)."
While
related to Dada, from which many of its initial members
came, surrealism is significantly broader in scope.
As Dada was a negative response to the First World
War, surrealism possesses a more positive view that
the world can be changed and transformed into a fertile
crescent of freedom, love, and poetry.
André
Breton's Surrealist Manifesto of 1924 and the publication
of the magazine La Révolution Surréaliste
("The Surrealist Revolution") marked the
beginning of the movement as a public agitation. In
the manifesto of 1924 Breton defines surrealism as
"pure psychic automatism" with automatism
being spontaneous creative production without conscious
moral or aesthetic self-censorship. By Breton's admission,
however, as well as by the subsequent development
of the movement, this was a definition capable of
considerable expansion. Breton also wrote the following
dictionary and encyclopedia definitions:
"SURREALISM,
n. Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes
to express, either verbally, or in writing, or by
any other manner, the real functioning of thought.
Dictation of thought in the absence of all control
exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and
moral preoccupation.
ENCYCLOPEDIA. Philosophy. Surrealism is based on the
belief in the superior reality of certain forms of
previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence
of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It
tends to ruin once and for all all other psychic mechanisms
and to substitute itself for them in solving all the
principal problems of life."
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